Rising drug spending has led to elevated calls to curtail drug prices. Nonetheless, it’s unclear the place to focus on coverage options. We estimated extra returns (the extent to which a agency’s income are larger than anticipated given the chance related to their investments) for producers and middlemen within the pharmaceutical provide chain to find out who’s making extreme income. Extra returns had been calculated because the distinction between return on invested capital and the anticipated returns given threat, which is named the weighted common value of capital.
We in contrast extra returns for producers and middlemen to the typical for S&P 500 corporations. We discover that each producers and middlemen have larger extra returns in 2013-2018 in contrast with the S&P 500. Nonetheless, if we deal with analysis and improvement (R&D) as an funding fairly than an expense, we discover that extra returns for pharmaceutical producers are decrease than the S&P 500 (1.7% vs. 3.6%), however biotech producers (9.6%), wholesalers (8.1%), and insurers/PBM/retailers (5.9%) proceed to have considerably larger extra returns in comparison with the S&P 500. Our findings counsel public insurance policies that promote competitors in all areas of the pharmaceutical provide chain are essential avenues for curbing drug spending.
Creating and sustaining collaborative multi-institutional business website go to packages: a toolkit

How one can construct a well-rounded CV and get employed after your PhD
Galaxy 48R CO2 Incubator+O2 cont + h temp disinfection 48L |
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INC644061 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 8764.32 |
Galaxy 48 R CO2 Incubator with high-temperature disinfection 1-19 % O2 control Humidity alert and monitoring and 2 split inner door |
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INC6378 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 11479.8 |
Galaxy 48R CO2 Incubator+O2 cont + h temp disinfection 48L 0.1-19% |
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INC644062 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 10346.64 |
Galaxy 48 R CO2 Incubator with high-temperature disinfection 0.1-19 % O2 control humidity alert and monitoring package and 2 split inner door |
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INC6382 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 13050.72 |
Inner Door Shelving Kit 4 Sets 2 Mini Shelves for an Esco CO2 incubator |
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INC2096 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 483.36 |
Incubator IN30 |
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INC8138 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1440.96 |
Incubator IN55 |
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INC8140 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1894.68 |
Incubator IN75 |
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INC8142 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1822.86 |
Incubator IN110 |
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INC8144 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2150.04 |
Incubator IN260 |
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INC8148 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3781.38 |
Incubator IN450 |
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INC8150 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5036.52 |
Incubator IN750 |
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INC8152 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6809.22 |
Incubator IN30plus |
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INC8154 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2081.64 |
Incubator IN55plus |
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INC8156 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2348.4 |
Incubator IN75plus |
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INC8158 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2649.36 |
Incubator IN110plus |
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INC8160 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2975.4 |
Incubator IN160plus |
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INC8162 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3711.84 |
Incubator IN260plus |
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INC8164 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4521.24 |
Incubator IN450plus |
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INC8166 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5877.84 |
Incubator IN750plus |
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INC8168 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 7704.12 |
Incubator IF30 |
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INC8170 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1721.4 |
Incubator IF55 |
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INC8172 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2004.12 |
Incubator IF75 |
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INC8174 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2504.58 |
Incubator IF110 |
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INC8176 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2749.68 |
Incubator IF160 |
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INC8178 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3377.82 |
Incubator IF260 |
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INC8180 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4386.72 |
Incubator IF450 |
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INC8182 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5649.84 |
Incubator IF750 |
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INC8184 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 7408.86 |
Incubator IF30plus |
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INC8186 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2240.1 |
Incubator IF55plus |
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INC8188 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2675.58 |
Incubator IF75plus |
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INC8190 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3014.16 |
Incubator IF110plus |
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INC8192 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3393.78 |
Incubator IF160plus |
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INC8194 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4229.4 |
Incubator IF260plus |
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INC8196 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5114.04 |
Incubator IF450plus |
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INC8198 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6549.3 |
Incubator IF750plus |
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INC8200 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 8576.22 |
Galaxy 48 R CO2 Incubator with high-temperature disinfection 0.1-19 % O2 control and humidity alert and monitoring package |
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INC6380 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 12205.98 |
Perforated Shelf For RS Biotech Galaxy 14 |
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INC6166 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 147.06 |
UniPact? Shaking Incubator |
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ACT-USI | ACTGene | EUR 5560.8 |
Shaking Incubator 49L |
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6752 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5147.1 |
Shaking Incubator 71L |
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6754 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5723.94 |
Incubator Dipslide DI10 |
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INC1012 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 437.76 |
Incubator BD056-230V |
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INC1015 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1553.82 |
Incubator BD260-230V |
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INC1016 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3540.84 |
Incubator ED056-230V |
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INC1017 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1346.34 |
Incubator BF056-230V |
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INC1019 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2110.14 |
Incubator BF260-230V |
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INC1021 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4288.68 |
Digital Incubator S160D |
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INC7210 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2173.98 |
Sign 100x100mm Fire Door Keep.. |
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FR06802R | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4.2 |
Upright 390L glass door fridge |
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SLS1138 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3787.08 |
Upright 390L solid door fridge |
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SLS1140 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3690.18 |
Upright 610L glass door fridge |
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SLS1142 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5728.5 |
Upright 940L glass door fridge |
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SLS1144 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 7239 |
Upright 940L solid door fridge |
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SLS1146 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 7103.34 |
Upright 1378L glass door fridge |
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SLS1148 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 10948.56 |
Advanced refrigerator 650L glass door |
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RAFG21043 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6301.92 |
Advanced Refrigerator 1350L glass door |
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RAFG44043 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 10001.22 |
Advanced Refrigerator 1350L solid door |
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RAFR44043 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 8449.68 |
Chiller Cabinet 421L Solid Door |
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REF2130 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1469.46 |
Pharmacy Refrigerator 36L Glass Door |
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RLDG0119 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1003.2 |
Pharmacy Refrigerator 66L Glass Door |
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RLDG0219 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1140 |
Pharmacy Refrigerator 150L Glass Door |
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RLDG0519 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1564.08 |
Pharmacy Refrigerator 340L Glass Door |
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RLDG1019 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2172.84 |
Pharmacy Refrigerator 440L Glass Door |
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RLDG1519 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3188.58 |
Multi shelf rack For RS Biotech Galaxy 48R |
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INC6474 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 393.3 |
Additional perforated shelf For RS Biotech Galaxy 48R |
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INC6476 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 111.72 |
LEEC Drying Cabinet 226L Sliding Door |
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DRY1216 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1024.86 |
LEEC Drying Cabinet 113L Sliding Door |
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DRY1218 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 774.06 |
Freezer Upright 1427L Double door -35c |
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GGPV1470 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6804.66 |
Advanced Freezer -20 650L solid door |
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RAFR21263 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6321.3 |
Advanced Freezer -20 1350L solid door |
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RAFR44263 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 9216.9 |
Service Freezer 382L Solid Door Cabinet |
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REF2105 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1515.06 |
Pharmacy Refrigerator 36L Glass Door DigiLock |
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RLDG0119DIGLOCK | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1271.1 |
Pharmacy Refrigerator 66L Glass Door DigiLock |
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RLDG0219DIGLOCK | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1409.04 |
Pharmacy Refrigerator 150L Glass Door DigiLock |
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RLDG0519DIGLOCK | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1831.98 |
Pharmacy Refrigerator 340L Glass Door DigiLock |
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RLDG1019DIGLOCK | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2440.74 |
Pharmacy Refrigerator 440L Glass Door DigiLock |
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RLDG1519DIGLOCK | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3455.34 |
PVC Safet Cabinet 60L 2 Door |
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SAF6939 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2528.52 |
Safety Cabinet Tall equipped one door |
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SAF6959 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2615.16 |
SHAKING INCUBATOR, 49L, 120V |
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6750 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 4740 |
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment |
SHAKING INCUBATOR, 71L, 120V |
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6753 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 5392.8 |
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 18L |
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INC2010 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1078.44 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 30L |
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INC2012 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1142.28 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 40L |
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INC2014 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1236.9 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 50L |
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INC2016 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1318.98 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 75L |
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INC2018 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1470.6 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 100L |
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INC2020 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1622.22 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 121L |
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INC2022 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1774.98 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 150L |
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INC2024 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1952.82 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 200L |
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INC2026 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2490.9 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 6L |
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INC2028 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1071.6 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 18L |
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INC2030 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1142.28 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 30L |
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INC2032 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1216.38 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 40L |
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INC2034 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1331.52 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 50L |
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INC2036 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1425 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 75L |
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INC2038 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1591.44 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 100L |
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INC2040 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1756.74 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 125L |
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INC2042 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1933.44 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 150L |
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INC2044 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1903.8 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 200L |
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INC2046 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2756.52 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 250L |
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INC2262 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5250.84 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 320L |
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INC2264 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5532.42 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 450L |
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INC2266 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6958.56 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 535L |
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INC2268 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 7517.16 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 645L |
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INC2270 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 10216.68 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 750L |
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INC2272 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 9322.92 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 865L |
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INC2274 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 10999.86 |
Microbiological Incubator Compact 18L |
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INC2320 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 926.82 |
Compressor cooled Incubator -256 |
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INC2400 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 10548.42 |
Compressor cooled Incubator -449 |
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INC2402 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 12936.72 |
Compressor cooled Incubator -749 |
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INC2404 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 15017.22 |
Binder BD23 Incubator 23L |
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INC3000 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1602.84 |
Binder BD115 Incubator 115L |
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INC3004 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2090.76 |
Binder BD400 Incubator 400L |
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INC3008 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5066.16 |
BD720 Incubator Gravity 720L |
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INC3035 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6885.6 |
BF115 Incubator Mech 115L |
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INC3036 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2755.38 |
BF400 Incubator Mech 400L |
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INC3038 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5359.14 |
BF720 Incubator Mech 720L |
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INC3040 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 7156.92 |
Compressor-cooled Incubator ICP110 |
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INC8120 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6121.8 |
Compressor-cooled Incubator ICP260 |
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INC8122 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 9129.12 |