Rising drug spending has led to elevated calls to curtail drug prices. Nonetheless, it’s unclear the place to focus on coverage options. We estimated extra returns (the extent to which a agency’s income are larger than anticipated given the chance related to their investments) for producers and middlemen within the pharmaceutical provide chain to find out who’s making extreme income. Extra returns had been calculated because the distinction between return on invested capital and the anticipated returns given threat, which is named the weighted common value of capital.
We in contrast extra returns for producers and middlemen to the typical for S&P 500 corporations. We discover that each producers and middlemen have larger extra returns in 2013-2018 in contrast with the S&P 500. Nonetheless, if we deal with analysis and improvement (R&D) as an funding fairly than an expense, we discover that extra returns for pharmaceutical producers are decrease than the S&P 500 (1.7% vs. 3.6%), however biotech producers (9.6%), wholesalers (8.1%), and insurers/PBM/retailers (5.9%) proceed to have considerably larger extra returns in comparison with the S&P 500. Our findings counsel public insurance policies that promote competitors in all areas of the pharmaceutical provide chain are essential avenues for curbing drug spending.
Creating and sustaining collaborative multi-institutional business website go to packages: a toolkit

How one can construct a well-rounded CV and get employed after your PhD
Galaxy 48 R CO2 Incubator with high-temperature disinfection 0.1-19 % O2 control humidity alert and monitoring package and 2 split inner door |
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INC6382 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 14778 |
Refrigerated Cooled Incubator Glass Door 150L |
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RLCG01503 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5136 |
Refrigerated Cooled Incubator Glass Door 340L |
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RLCG03401 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6258 |
Refrigerated Cooled Incubator Glass Door 570L |
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RLCG0600 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 10783.2 |
Digital Incubator S160D |
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INC7210 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3232.8 |
Galaxy 48 R CO2 Incubator with high-temperature disinfection 0.1-19 % O2 control and humidity alert and monitoring package |
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INC6380 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 13824 |
Inner Door Shelving Kit 4 Sets 2 Mini Shelves for an Esco CO2 incubator |
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INC2096 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 603.19 |
SureTherm CO2 Incubator, 180L with High heat Decontamination, Split Window Door and O2 control |
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H3565-180HDO2 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 each | EUR 12470.5 |
3 inner door option for all LEEC 190 L incubators |
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INC3214 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1176 |
Reversed Door Swing Option for Esco CO2 incubators |
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INC2070 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 176.26 |
Inner perspex door for LMS Incubators INC5010 5011 5012 5013 5014 5015 |
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INC5050 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 915.23 |
48R incubator hi-temp O2 cont 2plit inner doors |
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INC3019 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 10900.8 |
Stacking kit for S41i CO2 incubator shaker |
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SHA4446 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1411.2 |
Additional shelf for S41i CO2 incubator shaker |
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SHA4448 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 291.6 |
Incubator IN30 |
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INC8138 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1742.4 |
Incubator IN55 |
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INC8140 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2170.8 |
Incubator IN75 |
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INC8142 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2157.6 |
Incubator IF30 |
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INC8170 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2073.6 |
Incubator IF55 |
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INC8172 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2406 |
Incubator IF75 |
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INC8174 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2965.2 |
Incubator IN110 |
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INC8144 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2544 |
Incubator IN260 |
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INC8148 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4509.6 |
Incubator IN450 |
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INC8150 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5959.2 |
Incubator IN750 |
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INC8152 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 7908 |
Incubator IF110 |
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INC8176 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3254.4 |
Incubator IF160 |
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INC8178 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3997.2 |
Incubator IF260 |
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INC8180 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5191.2 |
Incubator IF450 |
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INC8182 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6684 |
Incubator IF750 |
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INC8184 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 8605.2 |
New Brunswick S41i Biological CO2 Incubator Shaker |
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SHA4430 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 17908.92 |
Incubator IN30plus |
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INC8154 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2463.6 |
Incubator IN55plus |
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INC8156 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2778 |
Incubator IN75plus |
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INC8158 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3135.6 |
Incubator IF30plus |
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INC8186 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2650.8 |
Incubator IF55plus |
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INC8188 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3166.8 |
Incubator IF75plus |
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INC8190 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3566.4 |
Incubator IN110plus |
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INC8160 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3520.8 |
Incubator IN160plus |
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INC8162 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4392 |
Incubator IN260plus |
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INC8164 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5349.6 |
Incubator IN450plus |
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INC8166 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6955.2 |
Incubator IN750plus |
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INC8168 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 8948.4 |
Incubator IF110plus |
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INC8192 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4015.2 |
Incubator IF160plus |
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INC8194 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5004 |
Incubator IF260plus |
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INC8196 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6051.6 |
Incubator IF450plus |
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INC8198 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 7749.6 |
Incubator IF750plus |
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INC8200 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 9961.2 |
Binder BD115 Incubator 115L |
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INC3004 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2394.47 |
Binder BD400 Incubator 400L |
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INC3008 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5802.09 |
Shaking Incubator 49L |
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6752 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5635.2 |
Shaking Incubator 71L |
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6754 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6266.4 |
SureTherm CO2 Incubator, 180L |
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H3565-180 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 each | EUR 7253.2 |
Incubator BD056-230V |
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INC1015 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1779.53 |
Incubator BD260-230V |
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INC1016 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4055.19 |
Incubator ED056-230V |
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INC1017 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1677.7 |
Incubator BF056-230V |
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INC1019 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2416.67 |
Incubator BF260-230V |
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INC1021 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4911.67 |
Crystal Growth Incubator 285L |
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M-CI-IS26SD/PC | MiTeGen | 1 UNIT | EUR 7175 |
Description: Crystal Growth Incubator 285L |
Crystal Growth Incubator 680L |
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M-CI-IS28SSD/PC | MiTeGen | 1 UNIT | EUR 7885 |
Description: Crystal Growth Incubator 680L |
Crystal Growth Incubator 765L |
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M-CI-IS33SD/PC | MiTeGen | 1 UNIT | EUR 8960 |
Description: Crystal Growth Incubator 765L |
Incubator Dipslide DI10 |
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INC1012 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 517.2 |
LMS Incubator 120L Series 1A |
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INC5302 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4170 |
LMS Incubator 201L Series 1A |
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INC5304 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4428 |
LMS Incubator 272L Series 1A |
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INC5306 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4563.6 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 250L |
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INC2262 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5527.2 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 320L |
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INC2264 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5823.6 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 450L |
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INC2266 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 7324.8 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 535L |
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INC2268 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 7933.2 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 645L |
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INC2270 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 10754.4 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 750L |
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INC2272 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 9813.6 |
Multipurpose Incubator 100C 865L |
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INC2274 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 11578.8 |
Compressor cooled Incubator -256 |
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INC2400 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 12480 |
Compressor cooled Incubator -449 |
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INC2402 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 15306 |
Compressor cooled Incubator -749 |
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INC2404 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 17440.8 |
UniPact? Shaking Incubator |
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ACT-USI | ACTGene | each | EUR 5560.8 |
BF115 Incubator Mech 115L |
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INC3036 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3155.64 |
BF400 Incubator Mech 400L |
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INC3038 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6137.63 |
BF720 Incubator Mech 720L |
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INC3040 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 8196.56 |
LEEC C100 Classic Incubator 100L |
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INC1900 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2649.6 |
Refrigerated Cooled Incubator 150L |
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RLSD01503 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 4742.4 |
Refrigerated Cooled Incubator 340L |
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RLSD03401 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 5608.8 |
Refrigerated Cooled Incubator 570L |
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RLSD0600 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 10536 |
SHAKING INCUBATOR, 49L, 120V |
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6750 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 4740 |
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment |
SHAKING INCUBATOR, 71L, 120V |
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6753 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 5392.8 |
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 6L |
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INC2028 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1339.2 |
Binder BD23 Incubator 23L |
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INC3000 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1835.67 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 18L |
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INC2030 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1414.8 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 30L |
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INC2032 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1393.2 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 40L |
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INC2034 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1525.2 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 50L |
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INC2036 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1632 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 75L |
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INC2038 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1822.8 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 100L |
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INC2040 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2012.4 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 125L |
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INC2042 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2035.2 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 150L |
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INC2044 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2004 |
Benchtop Incubator Sts - 200L |
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INC2046 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2901.6 |
LMS Cooled Incubator 1200L Series 4 |
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INC5022 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 10344.27 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 18L |
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INC2010 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1335.6 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 30L |
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INC2012 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1414.8 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 40L |
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INC2014 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1417.2 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 50L |
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INC2016 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1510.8 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 75L |
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INC2018 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1684.8 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 100L |
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INC2020 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1858.8 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 121L |
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INC2022 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2034 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 150L |
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INC2024 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2055.6 |
Benchtop Incubator CLAD - 200L |
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INC2026 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2622 |
BD720 Incubator Gravity 720L |
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INC3035 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 7885.82 |
SureTherm CO2 Incubator, 45L |
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H3565-45 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 each | EUR 6004.6 |
Series 3 CO2 incubator TC |
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INC0611 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 15160.8 |
Series 3 CO2 incubator IR |
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INC0612 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 19027.2 |
115L Incubator Shaker Cooled |
|||
SHA3008 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 9962.4 |
Prime Incubator Sts 100C - 30L |
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INC2048 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1795.2 |
Prime Incubator Sts 100C - 50L |
|||
INC2058 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2026.8 |
Prime Incubator Sts 100C - 75L |
|||
INC2224 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2048.4 |
Prime Incubator Sts 100C - 100L |
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INC2226 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2168.4 |
Prime Incubator Sts 100C - 125L |
|||
INC2228 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2355.6 |
Prime Incubator Sts 100C - 150L |
|||
INC2230 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 2548.8 |
Prime Incubator Sts 100C - 200L |
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INC2232 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3034.8 |
LMS Incubator 76L Series 1A |
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INC5300 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 3699.6 |
LMS Cooled Incubator 227L Series 3 |
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INC5010 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6099.76 |
LMS Cooled Incubator 290L Series 3 |
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INC5012 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6610.25 |
LMS Cooled Incubator 450L Series 3 |
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INC5014 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 6602.4 |